مراجعة عامة في الانجليزية

GENERAL REVISION

I/ SPELLING

Nouns, verbs and adjectives can have the
following endings :

Noun+ s/es (plural)	Books, ideas, matches
Verb+ s/es (after he, she, it)	Works, enjoys, washes
Verb+ ing	Working, enjoying, washing
Verb+ ed	Worked, enjoyed, washed
Adjective+ er (comparative)	Cheaper, quicker, brighter
Adjective+ est (superlative)	Cheapest, quickest, brightest
Adjective+ ly (adverb)	Cheaply, quickly, brightly

When we use these endings, there are sometimes
changes in spelling:

Nouns
and verbs +s/ es

The ending is (es) when the word
ends in s, ss, sh, ch, x.

Example: bus/ buses miss/ misses wash/ washes match/ matches box/ boxes

words
ending in (y) like baby, carry, easy:

if a word ends in a consonant + (by,
ry, sy, vy, …):

(Y) changes to (ie) before the ending (s):

Baby/ babies story/ stories try/ tries country/ countries

(Y) changes to (i) before the ending (ed):

Hurry/ hurried study/studied apply/ applied

(Y) changes to (i) before the endings (er and
est)

Easy/ easier, easiest lucky/ luckier, luckiest

(Y) changes to (i) before the ending (ly)

Easy/ easily heavy/ heavily

(Y)
does not change before (ing): hurriying tryinf
(Y)
does not change if the word ends in a vowel + y (ay, ey, oy, uy)

An exception is : day/ daily, lay/ laid say/ said

Doubling consonants: Sometimes, a word ends in
a vowel + a consonant like in:

Stop, plan, wet, thin, slip, prefer, regret

Before the endings (ing, ed, er, est), we
double the consonant:

Stop_stopped, stopping; thin_ thinner, thinnest.

BUT we do not double (y) or (w) at the
end of words: stay_stayed; grow_
growing.

II/SYLLABLE DIVISION/
SOME RULES

one
syllable word is never divides: example: ill
when
the word has a prefix, divide the word between the root and the prefix:
eg: mis/use
when
the word has a suffix, divide between the root and the suffix: fee/ly
when
two consonants come between two vowels, the word is divided after the
first consonant: of/ten
when
a consonant comes between two vowels, the word is divided before the
consonant: mu/sic
when
two vowels come together and are pronounced separately, the word is
divided between the two vowels: radi/o
when
a vowel is sounded alone in a word, it forms a syllable: e/vent

III/ STRESS : a stressed syllable is part of a
word that is pronounced longer and louder than the other parts.

Most
of 2 syllabic words are stressed on the first syllable if it is not a
prefix.

Example: open, winter precious

BUT : begin, forget, believe, resume, occur, alarm, result, again, perhaps, event, advice

Most
of 3 syllabic words are stressed on the first syllable of the root:

Example: difficult, organise, sensitive

BUT: remember together
professor

All words ending in ‘ion’ are stressed on the
syllable before the last:

Example: division, examination, tradition, revolution, illusion

IV/ REPORTED SPEECH

1/ REPORTED STATEMENTS:

When the reporting verb is in the present,
there is no change in tense:

“ I’m a teacher.” She says
that she is a teacher. Here, we’ve used the present simple in both sentences
because the reporting verb (say) is in the present.

BUT: When the reporting verb is in the past,
there are always corresponding tenses to the ones used in the direct speech
simply because we don’t report what happens but what happened.

Example:

“I am a teacher”. She said
that she was a teacher.

Present simple	Past simple
Present continuous	Past continuous
Present perfect simple	Past perfect simple
Present perfect continuous	Past perfect continuous
Past simple	Past perfect
Past continuous	Past perfect continuous
Past perfect	Past perfect (no possible change)
Past perfect continuous	Past perfect continuous (no possible change)

Other verb forms also change:

will	Would
can	Could
must	Had to
shall	Should
may	Might

Time and place references:

now	then
today	That day
here	There
this	That
tomorrow	The following day, the next day, the day after
Next week	The following week, the next week, the week after
yesterday	The previous day, the day before
Last week	The previous week, the week before
A week ago	A week before
tonight	That night
Last Sunday	The previous Sunday, the Sunday before

2/ REPORTED QUESTIONS

a) “WH” QUESTIONS:

After the reporting verb, we :
first, rewrite the “wh” word

Second: rewrite the subject

Third: rewrite the verb in the corresponding tense if the reporting verb
is in the past.

b)
“YES/
NO” QUESTIONS:

After the reporting verb, we: first:
write if or whether

Second:
write the subject

Third: write the verb in the corresponding tense.

3/ REPORTED INSTRUCTIONS AND REQUESTS/
ORDERS

a)
Affirmative commands:
to + STEM

b)
Negative commands: not
to + STEM

V/ PASSIVE TENSES

Present
Simple : is or are + past participle

Eg: Computers are shipped to many
countries.

Present
Continuous: is/are + being + past participle

The food is being prepared.

* Past Simple: was/ were + past
participle

Eg: The package was delivered
yesterday.

Past
continuous : was/ were + being +
past participle

Eg: The house was being painted when
I arrived.

Present
Perfect Simple : has/ have + been + past participle

Eg: Over 20 models have been
produced.

Past
Perfect Simple: had + been + past participle

Eg: We had been given visas for
three months.

Modals
(can, may…) modal + be + past participle

Eg: The computer can be used.

VI/ CONDIRIONAL
SENTENCES

1/ IF CLAUSES

TYPE ONE: if + Present Simple, Future

Eg: If you don’t go to the doctor soon, the
problem will get worse.

TYPE TWO: if
+ Past Simple, would + infinitive

Eg: If I had time, I would call him.

TYPE THREE: if + Past Perfect, would have +
past participle

Eg: If I hadn’t called, I wouldn’t have known
about the meeting.

2/ THE USE OF “UNLESS”

Unless + affirmative verb is similar to if +
negative verb.

Eg: unless I hurry, I will miss the bus = If I
don’t hurry, I will miss the bus.

VII/ PRONUNCIATION OF
THE FINAL “s”

The
final “s” is pronounced /s/ after: t, p, k, f, th( ث)
The
final “s” is pronounced /z/ after: d, b, g, m, n, r, v, l, th (ذ)
The
final “s” is pronounced /iz/ after: sh, ch, s, z, ge, dge

VIII/ PRONUNCIATION OF
FINAL “ed”

The
final “ed” is pronounced /id/ after: t, d
The
final “ed” is pronounced /d/ after: b, g, v, ge, dge, z, m, n, w, l, r, y,
th
The
final “ed” is pronounced /t/ after: p, k, f, sh, ch.

IX/
PLURAL

General rule: singular + s
(girl__girls)

nouns
ending in s, z, x, sh, ch: add es (box__boxes)
nouns
ending in a consonant + y: y changes to (i) and add es (spy__spies)
nouns
ending in f/ fe: change f/fe to (v) and add es (life__lives)

X/ RELATIVE CLAUSES

WHO/ WHICH/ THAT: when subject of
the relative clause, I cannot omit them.

Eg: We know a lot of people who live in London. Here, “ who” is subject and it can’t
be omitted.

When these relative pronouns are
object of the relative clause, they can be
omitted.

Eg: The woman (who) I wanted to see
was away on vacation. Here, “who” is object and it can be omitted.

WHOSE is used instead of his, her,
their

Merciiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii b
thankxxxxxxxxxxxx kho
biennnnnnnnnn

أڵڣ ڜڪر ڵڪَ عڵى ھٍڏآ آڵمٍۅضۅع آڵمٍمٍۑڒٍ ۅ آڵمٍعڵۅمٍآٺ آڵقۑمٍة
إڹـچآڒٍ أڪٹٍر رآئــــــع
ڵڪڹ أرچۅ مٍڹڪَ عډمٍ آڵٺۅقڣ عڹډ ھٍڏآ آڵحډ
مٍـڹٺظرۑڹ آبډآعٺــــــڪ
ډمٍٺـ ۅډآمٍ ٺأڵقـڪ
ٺحۑآٺــۑ

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